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Meta-analysis of bone tumorous lesions in spinal CT data using convolutional neural networks
Nantl, Ondřej ; Jakubíček, Roman (referee) ; Chmelík, Jiří (advisor)
This bachelor thesis deals with the use of convolutional neural networks in the meta-analysis of bone tumor lesions in CT image data. The theoretical part describes the anatomy and pathology of bone tissue, machine learning, discusses the functionality of convolutional neural networks and summarizes selected existing methods for computer-aided diagnosis of vertebra bone lesions. In the practical part, various types of models using convolutional neural networks were implemented and the networks were trained on an available augmented dataset. Finally, the results of various types of models were statistically evaluated, compared with available articles and discussed.
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Meta-analysis of bone tumorous lesions in spinal CT data using convolutional neural networks
Nantl, Ondřej ; Jakubíček, Roman (referee) ; Chmelík, Jiří (advisor)
This bachelor thesis deals with the use of convolutional neural networks in the meta-analysis of bone tumor lesions in CT image data. The theoretical part describes the anatomy and pathology of bone tissue, machine learning, discusses the functionality of convolutional neural networks and summarizes selected existing methods for computer-aided diagnosis of vertebra bone lesions. In the practical part, various types of models using convolutional neural networks were implemented and the networks were trained on an available augmented dataset. Finally, the results of various types of models were statistically evaluated, compared with available articles and discussed.
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The role of inflammatory signaling in cancer cell invasiveness
Šůchová, Anna-Marie ; Brábek, Jan (advisor) ; Brdička, Tomáš (referee)
Metastasizing is responsible for 90% of death in cancer patients. Metastatic tumour cells have several strategies that they use to invade surrounding tissues - they can migrate together or individually. When individual cells migrate, tumour cells adopt two different morphologies. They are either elongated and migrate using the proteolytically active mesenchymal mode, or they are rounded and migrate in the amoeboid mode. Metastatic tumour cells can switch between these modes, which complicates the development of effective migrastatics. In this work, we focused on the effect of inflammatory signalling on metastatic cell migration. We worked with cell lines of malignant human melanoma, which adopt a mixed morphology and show both amoeboid and mesenchymal phenotype during migration. Upon stimulation of melanoma human cells with interferon beta, a mesenchymal to amoeboid transition occurs. Interferon beta appears to induce amoeboid morphology by maintaining high levels of the ISGF3 complex, which is composed of the heterodimer of STAT 1 and STAT 2 proteins and the IRF9 protein. Upon blocking of Jak / Stat signalling pathway by negative regulators, human melanoma cells return to mesenchymal morphology. Key words - invasiveness, mesenchymal-ameboid transition, interferons, inflammation, migration, metastases
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The case report of physiotherapeutic treatment of the patient with cancer multiplicity and brain metastases
Černá, Monika ; Nováková, Tereza (advisor) ; Dušánek, Tomáš (referee)
Title: The case report of physiotherapeutic treatment of the patient with cancer multiplicity and brain metastases. Aims: Aims of this thesis are to acquire theoretic knowledge about cancer multiplicity with brain metastases and to make case study of patient treated with cancer multiplicity with brain metastases, left-sided hemiparesis and cerebellar damage. Summary: The thesis is composed of general part and special part. General part consisted of information about anatomical structures in central nervous system, characteristic of the diagnosis, how the disease developes, a symptomatology, examinations and a treatment of the disease. Special part includes the case study of the patient with cancer multiplicity and brain metastases, consequent stroke and cerebellar damage. The case study is composed of patient history, entrance/final kinesiological examination, short-term and long-term plan, the therapy and the evaluation of therapeutic effect. Keywords: cancer multiplicity, metastases, physiotherapy, case report, stroke, cerebellum
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Algorithm of imaging methods of injuries of the neck of the femur in the case of seniors
TOČÍKOVÁ, Miluše
The bachelor thesis deals with the incidence of femoral neck injury in the elderly. The work is divided into a theoretical and practical part. As the number of people of retirement age is growing, the rate of injuries associated with this age group has been increasing as well. It is necessary to accept the idea that age is a stage of human life, which every individual must eventually face. A femoral neck fracture is one of the causes of mortality and morbidity in the elderly. The incidence of this injury has been increasing both in developed countries and in the Czech Republic. A femoral neck fracture represents a threat for mobility and independence of seniors. Some people are then permanently dependent on mobility aids, while others remain in institutional care. The most common cause of femoral neck fractures in the elderly is a fall on their side, which is caused by a complex interaction of external and internal factors. The first imaging method used during a medical examination is sciagraphy, which is one of the oldest methods. It allows physicians to assess the preoperative condition of the hip joint and postoperative check-ups during the treatment by alloplasty or perioperative condition with the use of osteosynthesis. It is beneficial for the above-mentioned group of people to carefully assess the bone metabolism. A healthy bone is constantly reconstructed, it continuously breaks down and a new bone replaces it. With age, the degradation of bone prevails over bone formation and the bone begins to "thin". This disease is called osteoporosis. It is a disease that pertains to the civilisation diseases. It is often only diagnosed at an advanced stage, when it is already increasingly susceptible to fracture incidence. The factors of osteoporosis include an unhealthy lifestyle, hormonal changes in women after menopause, when there is a decrease in the level of calcium, a major weight loss etc. A painless, non-invasive method, by means of which a doctor can obtain comprehensive information about the amount of bone mineral in the examined part of the bone, is a densitometry test, or DXA. This test uses x-rays at two energy levels. The DXA method can be measured as a whole-body mineral content as well as any other part of the body. Other causes, which increase the risk of a femoral neck racture, are bone metastases. The proximal portion of the femur, including the femur neck, metastatically affects especially primary lung cancer, kidney cancer, thyroid, breasts in women and prostate in men. At an early stage, bone metastases are asymptomatic. Clinical symptoms such as pain can occur, when the metastatic process penetrates the periosteum and surroundings of the bone, thereby irritating the neural structures. Another symptom is the emergence of pathological fractures. Bone metastases are helping us uncover laboratory tests and diagnostic imaging methods, which include, for example, scintigraphy. Bone scintigraphy can detect a metastatic process much earlier than X-ray examination. The aim of the work was to describe the principles of individual imaging methods, which help doctors to determine the correct diagnosis, to learn more about the femoral neck injury in the elderly and about causes of their ocurence. Moreover, the two hypotheses were established: 1. The most frequently used method in case of a femoral neck injury is skiagraphic examination. 2. That is why more than a half of femoral neck injuries are diagnosed in the elderly. The practical part was elaborated on the basis of a quantitative research. The data needed for the research were obtained from case studies of patients hospitalized in the orthopedic department of the Hospital Tábor a.s., in the period from 1st April 2014 to 31st March 2015.
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Formation of secondary tumors after irradiation for carcinoma of the larynx.
KRHÁNKOVÁ, Daniela
The occurrence of secondary tumours is the subject of research of some internationally renowned experts who deal with this issue. The most frequently studied is the occurrence of secondary carcinoma of the mammary gland after irradiating patients with Hodgkin?s disease. The reason is probably the longer survival of patients after the treatment of this disease and thus also the origination of secondary disease induced by radiotherapy. Laryngeal carcinoma belongs to the most commonly occurring tumours in the ENT area, especially in men. With early diagnosis the success of treatment results increases, but it requires precision and care. Compared to past years modern times offer possibilities of better quality treatment and also the chance for complete recovery of patients depending on early diagnosis of the disease. However, with the high number of treated patients the probability of the occurrence of secondary tumours increases as a late undesirable effect of oncological treatment. This is why proper treatment is necessary as well as permanent dispensin.
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